外贸海关术语有哪些
时间: 2026-03-13 | 作者: 无产阶级
答:在外贸业务中,海关术语是单证、报关和物流沟通的核心。以下是分类整理了常用术语:
基础流程与主体
- Customs:海关
- Customs Clearance:清关 / 通关
- Customs Declaration:报关(指申报、查验、缴税等全过程)
- Customs Broker:报关行 / 报关代理
- Importer of Record (IOR):进口商(在海关正式登记的收货人)
- Exporter of Record (EOR):出口商
- HS Code (Harmonized System Code):海关商品编码
- Tariff / Customs Duty:关税
- VAT (Value-Added Tax):增值税
- Customs Valuation:海关估价
- Country of Origin:原产国
- Port of Loading (POL):装货港
- Port of Discharge (POD):卸货港
- Place of Delivery:交货地
报关单证与申报
- Customs Declaration Form:报关单
- Bill of Entry:进口报关单
- Goods Declaration:货物报关单(出口/进口通用)
- Packing List (P/L):装箱单
- Commercial Invoice (C/I):商业发票
- Proforma Invoice (P/I):形式发票
- Certificate of Origin (C/O):原产地证书
- Inspection Certificate:检验证书
- Phytosanitary Certificate:植物检疫证书
- Sanitary Certificate:卫生检疫证书
- Veterinary Certificate:动物检疫证书
- Dangerous Goods Declaration:危险品申报单
- Export License:出口许可证
- Import License:进口许可证
监管场所与货物状态
- Bonded Warehouse:保税仓库
- Bonded Goods:保税货物
- Free Trade Zone (FTZ):自由贸易区
- Customs Supervision:海关监管
- Transit Goods:过境货物
- Temporary Import / Export:暂时进出口
- Dutiable Goods:应税货物
- Exempted Goods:免税货物
- Cargo Manifest:舱单
- AWB (Air Waybill):空运运单
- B/L (Bill of Lading):海运提单
- HBL (House Bill of Lading):货代提单
- MBL (Master Bill of Lading):船公司提单
费用与税费
- Customs Duty:关税
- Import Duty:进口关税
- Export Duty:出口关税
- VAT (Value-Added Tax):增值税
- Excise Tax:消费税(部分国家对特定商品征收)
- Anti-dumping Duty:反倾销税
- Countervailing Duty (CVD):反补贴税
- Surcharge:附加税
- Customs Fee:海关手续费
- Declaration Fee:报关费
- Port Dues:港口费用
- Storage Fee:仓储费
- Demurrage:滞箱费(集装箱在码头/堆场超期使用费)
- Detention:滞期费(集装箱在收货人处超期使用费)
查验、违规与放行
- Customs Inspection:海关查验
- Random Inspection:随机查验
- Targeted Inspection:重点查验
- Seal / Customs Seal:海关封志 / 铅封
- Release / Customs Release:海关放行
- Hold / Customs Hold:海关扣货 / 滞留
- Non-Compliance:不合规
- Under-declaration:低报
- Over-declaration:高报
- Penalty:处罚 / 罚款
- Fine:罚款
- Confiscation:没收
- Appeal:申诉 / 复议
认证、便利与合规
- AEO (Authorized Economic Operator):经认证的经营者(海关高级认证企业)
- Authorized Economic Operator Certificate:AEO 证书
- Customs Bond:海关担保(保证金或保函)
- Pre-shipment Inspection (PSI):装运前检验
- Post-shipment Inspection (PSI):装运后检验
- Compliance:合规
- Risk Management:风险管理
- Audit:稽查 / 审计
- Advance Ruling:预裁定(如原产地、归类等)
贸易协定与特殊区域
- GSP (Generalized System of Preferences):普惠制
- FTA (Free Trade Agreement):自由贸易协定
- Certificate of Origin (Form A):普惠制原产地证书
- Preferential Certificate of Origin:优惠原产地证书
- FTZ (Free Trade Zone):自由贸易区
- Bonded Zone:保税区
- Export Processing Zone (EPZ):出口加工区
- Duty-Free Zone:免税区
实用缩写速查

以上术语覆盖了报关、清关、单证、税费等核心环节。建议收藏备用,在实际业务中结合场景加深理解。